Mi Experencia cuando era en Nicaragua.

 

Katie y yo fuimos a la playa este fin de semana con los amigos con los que trabajamos. Comimos, reímos, y nos lo pasamos genial. Hemos visto la puesta de sol. Yo creo que fue la mejor parte de todo el día en la playa. Era la imagen perfecta. Sentado en la playa, mirando la puesta de sol, salir con gente estupenda. Me encantó. Quiero aprovechar más de viajes a la playa en el futuro.

La mejor parte de todo el día fue la capacidad de comunicarse con la gente en Español. Creo que mi español es sin duda mejorar. Estoy muy feliz por ello.

 

El jardín de la comunidad en progreso

Esta semana hemos viajado fuera en el jardín tres días, Lunes, Miércoles y Jueves. El lunes fuimos a la comunidad de La Isla y comenzó el trabajo sobre el jardín. Hemos salido de las malas hierbas, mojar la tierra, y nivelado el suelo. Este fue un largo proceso que nos llevó todo el día y una gran cantidad de trabajo. La verdadera misión de este jardín fue conseguir que el resto de la comunidad los niños de las escuelas involucradas. Para que esto suceda nos hizo volantes invitando a los niños a plantar con nosotros. Fuimos de nuevo el miércoles en busca de semillas y a reunirse con los voluntarios que se nos ayudó con el proyecto. Hemos hablado de estrategia y planificación para donde iba a ir y lo hemos hecho. El jueves, nos hemos reunido con los voluntarios y se dirigió al jardín de la planta. Hemos utilizado la pala, y azadones para mover la tierra donde lo necesitábamos. Tenemos dos líneas donde se siembran yuca y cinco círculos donde plantamos los pepinos. En los círculos hemos colocado sistemas de riego por goteo que tiene un suministro constante de agua goteando sobre las semillas. El proceso de siembra no tarda mucho porque los niños estaban tan entusiasmados con siembra con las ‘greengas”. A veces me pongo a pensar en las esperanzas de los niños cuando ven los extranjeros entrar en sus vidas y me siento mal. Innumerables veces antes de que se han visto otros vienen y no hacer nada, y que son en definitiva decepcionados ya que les hizo creer que vamos hacer algo grande para ellos. No quiero ser esa persona. Yo quiero ser la persona que muestra que quiero ayudar a mejorar sus vidas. Me alegro de la Isla con la Fundación porque esta es una organización que está tratando de hacer algo más que mostrar a las personas que esto es una comunidad pobre. Esta organización está tratando de ayudar a estas personas y me alegro de estar trabajando en este jardín.water

Personal Change vs Political Change

In the informational article “Forget Shorter Showers”, writer Derrick Jensen addresses the different solutions that are proposed in the fight to conserve “available” water. The article addresses the political aspect of water through discussing government demands and advice when it applies to water conservation. Jensen also addresses how the government points blame on the people without accounting for the amounts of damage their businesses causing.

In the article Jensen, starts out by establishing a historical aspect to our present water usage. Jensen voices that we are the result of a capitalistic society where we are so consumed with our own personal issues that we don’t take the time to see what is really happen. In reading “An inconvenient Truth”, Jensen brought forth the notion that this reading about personal change none of it had to do with shifting systematic but everything to do with personal change. Over the last few years, there has been a lot of talk about restricting water usage through taking shorter showers and watering our grass less. Jensen explains that in 2005 there was trend to recycle, switch to paper, and cut down civilian waste. Jensen states that “municipal waste accounts for only three percent of total waste production in the United States”. The government provides this industrial economy that brings in lots of wealth in the short run but in the long run we are aiding them in killing the earth. In this day and age, there is no way that living simpler living solves all of our pollution, contamination, and economic problems are very naive. There is a lot of assigned blame happening between people and government. Those with actual power point the finger to those who are powerless to throw accusation away from them. In accepting this capitalistic society we have given up our power to fight for change and stop the cycle of consuming to no consume. Jensen writes that “the endpoint of the logic behind simple living as a political act is suicide”. The act of “rebellion” in politics could easily have a person blacklisted. In the end Jensen concluded that the earth would be a lot better off if people didn’t exist.

I agree and disagree with what Jensen wrote about in the article “Forget Shorter Showers”. I agree in some ways because there in a lot of truth in what he says about how the government handles these issues by pointing blame toward the citizens. Jensen particularly caught my eye when he said “it incorrectly assigns the blame to the individual (and most especially to individuals who are particularly powerless) instead of those who actually wield the power in this system and to the system itself”. I completely agree with this because I genuinely feel as if I’ve seen examples of when the government had the opportunity to make a change and fix a problem. Somehow everything turned to telling the people that they need to conserve more energy, conserve more water, change everything about your lifestyle, but we’ll continue our usage freely. In what way is that fair? In the article Jensen also states that “social change does not equal political change”, and completely agree with that statement. There is so much truth in that. Statistically speaking, if people were to lower consumption and reduce water usage, which would only account for about twenty-two percent decrease in emission use in the United States alone. That doesn’t account for the big corporations and businesses, nor does it account for the percent of water usage around the world.

In conclusion, Jensen gave a lot of insight about the different reasons why taking shorter showers isn’t the problem with our water conservation. Jensen brought to light governmental indecency, meaning there is a lot the government is doing that isn’t right. There have been a lot of opinionated responses in this article surrounding this problem. In trying to make a change and a different in the world that would require global change, reduction of consumption, and a willingness from everyone because this cannot happen without total cooperation.

 

 

 

Experience through Another’s Eyes: Water

Throughout Global Seminar: Water there were lots of discussions and talks about peoples experiences with water. We have heard many different stories detailing different relationships with water and how they have shaped the presenters life. Today, I have interviewed Myrcka del Rio, a fellow student here at Antioch College. Myrcka is a Los Angeles, California native, a place where water is steadily becoming an issue over the years. In this report, I will be gaining insight into the Myrcka’s story and experiences with water from the sunshine state.

A: What is your most memorable experience with water?

M: Sooo, when I was younger. My mother grew up in Mexico and it was very dry. I think her only source of finding water was this tiny little creek that she showed us when we went. We were cutting down cacti [laughs] — she was cutting down cacti and she would put it in a salad. So we were on the side of this mountain and  we see this creek and she and my aunt freak out like, “Oh my God! It looks very similar to the creek that we used to go to!”  My sister and I are just like, “Oh my God, I just want to go home…” So we like get in the creek, but before— wait, no. We didn’t get into the creek. We actually went and bought water shoes because it was very rocky. There were probably cacti in this water [chuckles]. We actually got water shoes from Wal-Mart for like two bucks and then they’re like, “Ahh, go have fun!” and we did. We eventually did because we were kids, you know. It was funny how excited they were to see it.

A: So did this like strengthen your connection with water? The fact that you mom showed you her origin with water, did that impact your experiences anymore?

M: It showed me—I guess now that I’m older and I can reflect on it, we live in California and we had the ocean right there and we had easy access to it. We could go swimming pretty much whenever we wanted because it wasn’t far. My mom would never go into the water; she would just watch us play around in the water. She knows how to swim, but because she didn’t grow up near the ocean and she wasn’t used to seeing such a large body of water, I think it kind of scared her. She would just rather see us play and have fun because she only had the tiny little creek to play in.

A: Do you think about the amount of water you consume on a daily basis, like individually?

M: Both of my parents are from Mexico and neither one of them had easy access to water like we do from tap. My father grew up near the Gulf of Mexico and they all had to fetch water. So, we weren’t allowed to use water that we didn’t need. For example, if we got a cup of water and didn’t finish drinking it or need all of it, and we’d want to pour it out my parents would be like, “NO, DRINK IT. Don’t get so much next time!” So, we’ve always had reserved bottles of water somewhere in the house that we were not allowed to touch.

A: No I totally get it, for like emergency reasons correct?

M: Yeah [laughs]

A: So throughout Global Seminar: Water, we have talked a little about the California drought crisis how do you feel about that?  What have you learned that you didn’t know or that further confirmed your relationship with water?

M: Honestly, it’s not something the state itself talks about. I didn’t hear about it until I came to Antioch College. It was shocking to me that so many people were concerned about the drought and I had no idea about it. Umm, I think— I feel like I’ve always had to have a close relationship with water. Not to sound cheesy or anything, but my last name, del Rio means “from the river”. I guess water was something my parents valued greatly and so I guess I always did as well. I thought it was something everyone did like brushing your teeth and you turn off the water right away. You know, you take a five minute shower and get out kind of thing. Even though I knew that my parents had a hard time getting clean water, I didn’t really know it was such a huge global issue. Especially in Nicaragua where you make that walk and you had to ration out your water. It’s like dude your house is right there and I still have to make the walk back; I can’t give you my clean water. It was very eye opening it and very harsh saying no.

A: I totally understand I remember being in the situation I remember my first time going out to the community in Chichigalpa, I only brought one bottle. I didn’t realize I had to ration because on the first trip I was like out of water. I eventually had to start bringing two huge bottles of water and freeze them so they’d melt along the way and I would ration like that.

M: Yeah because hot water doesn’t do it

A: No, it really doesn’t.  It literally kills you [laughs]

M: [laughs] you just can’t.

A: Do you think that you’ll carry these values throughout your life? DO you think you will continue to have the vales the vales you’ve gained from your parents and maybe develop some philosophies of your own?

M: I hope so. One of my goals in life is to help provide communities with clean drinkable water. I’ve already gotten to do that once, but I hope I get to do that again. Then there are water bills and I don’t want to pay a lot of bills! [Laughs]

As individuals, our experiences with water will vary and our perspectives will all have different out looks. In speaking with Myrcka del Rio, I’ve gotten a chance to understand her story and perspective of water. I’ve had a chance to hear her background story and the root of where her philosophies and beliefs come from.  In all honesty there should be more people who have this way of thinking in the efforts to preserve and reduce water us

The Water Mess

In the informational article “Will There Be Enough?”, author Sandra Postel highlights the varied points addressed when talking about water. The contributing factors to shortages with the world’s water supply today include human manipulation, water irreplaceability, the protection of natural resources, the consequences of water management.

These different factors have made the use of water a lot harder over the years, especially when we didn’t have that much water to go around in the first place. The Earth has approximately 3% of freshwater that would only be available through the melting of the ice caps and the little remote bodies of water that are scattered about the planet. Human manipulation of water seems to have the greatest effect on the water supply through eating choices and the systems that the government has set into place to continue water consumption and cleaning. Postel makes a point that by decreasing our meat consumption we can significantly mitigate “our dietary water footprint”. Not only would this move drastically improve our health and bring the price of our healthcare systems down, it will lessen the amount of money that is used for energy to purify the water for human and animal consumption.

In the article, Postel also comments on another facet of water, water irreplaceability. The over consumption of water and the mass production of water purification plants are taking a heavy stance on the topic, primarily for profit. When it comes down to it, it all surrounds the ethics of water consumption and usage. These companies are over using a valuable resource because without it humans and animals alike cannot survive. There would be drastic consequences if these matters aren’t resolved within our lifetime. There would be the development of food shortages, ecosystem damage, energy prices increasing, and irrigation problems. These issues open up to another spectrum of concerns leading to climate change.  These climatic changes are effected by the amount of water that is available on the planet for use and in the future could cause unpredictable weather changes. Postel believes the ways to address the problems are increasing the protection of natural resources and supporting the efforts to make current systems more effective than they are now. In implementing these changes there could be a movement to teach people to respect clean water, and to live in a way in which they could afford.

“Sustaining our region’s water resources…a call to engage”

Speakers:

  • Sarah Hippensteel Hall, PhD, Miami Conservancy District
  • Douglas “Dusty” Hall, SOCHE

 

Today’s Agenda

  • Introduction to the Great Miami River Watershed
  • Case Study- Arthur Morgan, “Consider the Whole”
  • Today’s Miami Conservatory District
    • A market to meet nutrient
  • Case study- Dayton source Water Protection
  • Call to engage

 

Water is a Watershed?

  • an area of land that all drains to a central body of water
  • yellow springs->little miami river->ohio river->mississippi river->gulf of mexico

 

Ohio’s Great Miami River Watershed

  • 4,000 mi^2/15 counties
  • Excellent and abundant groundwater
    • 80% of land used for agriculture
    • 70% of people live in urbanized area

What’s GREAT about the Great Miami Watershed?

  • Cities protected from flooding
  • Water abundance
  • Excellent drinking water
  • Protected greenspace
  • World class fishing
  • Water and recreational trails
  • Economic opportunities
  • Our aquifer
  • Fishing is the most popular sport in the world? whaaa

 

Great flood of 1913

  • 9-11 inches of rain over three days March 1913
  • 360 people dead
  • $100 million in damage
    • $2billion today
  • Ohio’s greatest natural disaster to date

 

Miami Conservancy District

  • Ohio Conservancy Act
  • MCD established 1915
  • Watershed-based political subdivision
  • Broad authority primarily for water-related purposes

 

         Protecting people and property from flooding

         Preserving the quantity and quality of water

         Promoting the enjoyment of waterways

 

Flood Protection

  • 5 flow-through dams
  • 55 Miles of levees
  • Protection to all cities from Piqua to Hamilton
  • Floodplain preservation
    • 400,000 trees
    • preserves behind each dam
  • Huffman Dam – 3340 ft long, 73 ft high
  • How much?
    • Dams have held back water >1816 times
    • Total capacity = 274,000,000,000 gallons

Arthur E. Morgan

  • Proposed flood protection system
  • Considered radical
  • Never before attempted
  • Systems-based approach
  • “Always considered the whole”
  • Considered unintended consequences
  • self-taught engineer
  • general manager of MCTD
  • College President.. “philosopher-engineers”
  • Chairman of the TVA… fully integrated and visionary
  • Author of many books on “community”

Flood Protections

  • Economic
    • protection to multiple cities
  • Environmental
    • Watershed-based
    • Flow-through dams
    • Minimum levees
  • Place
    • 400,000 trees
    • preserves/parks behind each dam

Ohio’s great corridor

  • Vibrant city waterfronts…land and water trails… Picturesque farmland…exquisite natural areas.
  • Annual river summit
  • Four river corridor goals
  • 1 Develop city waterfronts
  • 2 promote recreation and tourism
  • 3 preserve farmland
  • protect open spaces
  • 300+ miles of recreation trails
  • 270+ miles of water trails
  • River corridor access

Gulf hypoxia

  • 818 sub watersheds of Gulf of Mexico
  • Upper watershed 27th for nitrogen; 289h for phosphorus
  • Lower watershed 31 for nitrogen; 58 for phosphorus
  • Algae blooms
  • Are we meeting water quality goals?
  • Nutrients, sediment, hydro modification

How we use the land determines

What is regulated?

  • Municipal wastewater plants
  • Industrial discharges
  • Large agriculture
  • construction sites
  • stormwater from urban areas

What is not regulated?

  • nonpoint source pollution = the pollution runoff from land

Nutrient Trading

Market-based Solutions

Better environmental results

  • reduce nutrient impairment
  • reduce other pollutants
  • create habitat
  • provide cooling effects
  • enhance streambank stability
  • decrease flow velocity
  • create wetlands
  • protect floodplains
  • increase assimilative capacity
  • Benefits energy/greenhouse gases

 

Nutrient Trading Program

  • Improve and protect the surface water that replenishes Dayton’s upstream drinking water sources
  • Improve and protect water quality in Dayton

Program Status

  • 11 reverse auctions
  • Projects = 397
  • Nutrient reductions > 572
  • Payment total =$1.697 million
  • Cost < $1.48 per lb

BMPs on-the-ground

  • cover crops
  • tillage
  • rotation
  • Milk house/cow/lot
  • Pasture seeding/prescribe grazing
  • Sod
  • Hayland
  • Manure Storage
  • FIlter Strips
  • Grid sampling/ VRT

 

Source Water Protection

An urban Case Study

  • City of Dayton, Ohio

 

  • On the banks of the Great Miami River
  • Home of Wright Brothers Known for Innovation
    • Airplane
    • Cash Register
    • Automobile Starter
    • Movie Camera

Drinking Water Source ar Risk

  • Regional purveyor of drinking water to about 400,000 consumers
  • Source is groundwater “under the influence of” surface water
  • Long history of manufacturing
  • 1926- First land use plan promoted incompatible land uses

Lessons Learned

  • Don’t get drinking water from a place where they make paint because they could catch on fire and contaminate the water

Education comprehensive strategies

Monitoring and enforcement

  • Inventory

Early Warning Monitoring System

  • Groundwater monitoring

Time- Critical Response Capability

  • Successful Intervention

The program’s interim removal measures have intercepted thousands of pounds

Land use controls

  • Overlay district
    • Unique approach
    • Limits regulated substances
    • Multi-jurisdictional
    • Grandfathering allows existing uses to continue

Ethics, Policy and Technology

Jacob Bertrand

Physical Chemist and Entrepreneur

Policy & Innovation: “So you want to build a sensor to change the world?”

 

  • Evolution of Technology
  • Current Water monitoring methods
  • How to be an innovator
  • Merging social entrepreneurship and technology

 

Evolution of Technology:

  • Fire management – 1.8 Million years ago
  • Shelter construction 500,000 years ago
  • Agriculture – 14,014 years ago
  • Wooden plow 6,014 years ago
  • wheel 5500 years ago
  • Cuneiform 5000 years ago
  • sailing (egypt) – 5000 years ago
  • Wrought Iron – 2216 years ago
  • Paper – 2216 years ago
  • Toilet Paper – 1483 years ago
  • Gunpowder 1396 years ago
  • Eyeglasses – 728 years ago
  • Printing press – 575 years ago
  • electromagnetic induction – 183 years ago
  • telephone 138 years ago
  • APRANET – 45 years ago
  • Internet protocol – 41 years ago

 

Get informed:

Check your sources:

  • Use multiple sources, public and private
  • Every side has an agenda
  • Always ask for source materials and READ THEM!

Water Monitoring

  • Long Term Monitoring
    • Rainfall
    • Rivers, creeks, aquifers
  • Longitudinal data takes years to collect and understand. But can yield massive amounts of knowledge
  • Think beyond your own lifetime, add to human knowledge

Current Technologies:

  • Remote real-time
    • Temperature
    • pH
    • Dissolved oxygen
    • Turbidity
  • Lab samples
    • Nitrites/nitrates
    • Phosphates
    • Bacteria count/culture

Current Methods- CA

 

Current Methods- PA

 

How good is the data?

  • Very localized
    • State systems are only in high risk areas
      • Expensive to purchase and maintain
      • Not monitored in real time.
    • Disjointed
      • Missing data, poorly organized
    • Poor data availability and consistency
      • Variability in standards from state to state and federally
      • May even depend on local management
      • Little data is available for easy public access

Solutions:

  • Better planning and site selection
  • Find lower-cost monitoring solutions
  • Take advantage of changing technologies

Why go to the extra effort?

  • To gain better understanding of our waterways as part of the total ecosystem
  • No systems exists in a vacuum
  • Must keep the big picture in mind while focusing on the details
    • Forest vs trees
  • Create information that outlasts you (Cassini)

What to do with the data?

  • Look for long-term trends over decades
  • Follow flow of pollution
  • Determine the effectiveness of cleanup efforts
  • Learn about the relationship between aquifers and surface water
  • Who knows what else? That’s the point.

Climate Change

Climate Change, pt 2

Resource management:

  • Resource management is always a double sided problem
  • Generation/harvest
    • Oil is easy to get–How are we getting it?
  • Usage Efficiency
    • Now we have to not waste resources–How do we use it most efficiently?
  • Generation
    • Desalination is great but very energy intensive
      • Use sea water so we can protect aquifers
    • Is it worth protecting the surface water by burning tons of coal to support desalination?
    • 70% of water on earth is salt water
    • Everything in nature must balance
  • Improve efficiency
    • Low-flow toilets, replace lawns with low water usage plants, soil amendments to improve water retention
    • Salton Sea reclamation project
    • Use of specialized materials in building
      • What are the environmental costs of cutting edge materials?
    • Polymer B helps soil retain moisture.
  • Heavy metals settle at bottom of lakes
    • heavy metal plume would reach Phoenix if they let the Salton Sea dry up

How to be an Innovator

  • Innovator: A person who introduces new methods, ideas, or products
  • Stay with your core competency
    • Know what you’re best at and leverage that
  • Don’t be a hammer
    • You can’t solve every problem, maybe not even most
  • Know when to outsource
    • It’s ok to outsource, there isn’t a need to reinvent the plough unless you are doing it better
  • Be Useful!
  • Be honest with yourself
    • What are your skill sets?
    • What skill sets are needed to move towards your goal?
    • What resources do you have?
  • Partnering
    • Can you be a good partner?
    • Can you take orders?
    • What can you offer in return?
  • You are not a snowflake. I am a snowflake.
  • Calculus
    • Isaac Newton
    • Gottfried Leibniz
  • Theory of Evolution of the Species
    • Charles Darwin
    • Alfred Russel
  • Helix of DNA
    • Watson and Crick
    • Rosalind Franklin
    • Maurice Wilkins, A.R. Stokes, H.R. Wilson
  • Ideas are the easiest thing for an entrepreneur to create
    • They are free and have no risk
  • Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.”-Thomas Edison
  • Be able to create a prototype
  • But most of all know how to create a working business model around it
  • An idea, even a prototype, is useless if no one wants it.
  • Small innovations are OK, you don’t need to be Steve Wozniak
  • Made a better board, with fewer chips
    • Cheaper, better, easier to mass produce
  • Wouldn’t matter except Steve Jobs figured out how to SELL it, how to make it “cool”

 

  • What about Non-profits?
    • They are still selling something, they are selling their cause
  • They also have costs
    • office space, advertising, utilities, staff, etc.
  • Ice Bucket Challenge-created something that sells

Merging Social Entrepreneurship and Technology:

  • Create something useful
  • Be an effective agent of change
    • understand what motivates those you wish to influence
    • how do you gain control over that motivation?
  • What is the biggest motivator in today’s world?
    • Money!
  • Standing on the outside shouting out reasons why you’re against something only causes those on the inside to look at you like you nuts.
  • It’s ok to make money while doing the “right” thing
  • Where does your passion lie?
    • Your passion will be what keeps you going for years
  • IT vs. Physical Product
    • IT can be a fast burn, 1-3 years
    • Physical product can take 5-??? years
  • Be OK with pivoting the company
  • Don’t be afraid to shut one venture down if it’s not moving
  • Know your limitations
    • Find complementary partners
    • Look outside your own field
  • Choose your partners carefully
    • Eat a pound of salt together (delicious)
    • No asshole rule (that includes you)
  • Your mind is your best asset
    • Constantly develop it
  • Be comfortable with being wrong
  • A null result is still useful

Books:

  • Are You the New Manager? Lee Bertrand
  • The Prince – Niccolo Machiavelli
  • The Book of Five Rings by Miyamoto Musashi
  • The No-Asshole Rule by Robert I Sutton, PhD
  • The Art of War by Sun Tzu

 

Bill Marvin

Ethicist

Policy & Possibility: Toward a Regional Ethic of Water

 

  • Where the Rivers Meet
  • Other video (similar): “Where there is love”
  • Ecology, Technology, Water, Community & Ethics
    • Ethics & Community
    • Questioning Technology
    • Ethics & Ecology
    • The Threat
    • The Solution
  • Thales of Miletus (620-546 BCE)
    • Water as 1st Principle
  • Plato
    • ultimate reality is ideas
    • during warfare:
      • avoid destruction of resources and property
      • neither waste countryside nor burn houses
      • If each side wastes the fields and burns…
      • war should be conducted with the aim of creating a just peace
      • It is important for the warring factions to “have the frame of mind of men who will be reconciled and not always be at war”
    • Cicero from On Duties (44 BCE) (lived 106-43 BCE)
      • Section 51: “The most widespread fellowship existing among men is that of all with all others. Here we must preserve the communal sharing of all things that nature brings forth for the common use of mankind”
      • Section 52: “Therefore such things as the following are to be shared: one should not keep others from fresh water, should allow them to take fire from your fire, should give trustworthy counsel to someone who is seeking advice; for they are useful to those who receive them and cause no trouble to the giver. we should therefore both make use of them and always be contributing something to the common benefit”
    • Heidegger from The Question Concerning Technology (1950)
      • Technology is a means to an end
      • Technology as a bringing forth into appearance via Greek terminology related to technology:
        • Overlay, Legein, logos rooted in apophainesthai – to bring forward into appearance
        • to bring forward into appearance and concrete imagery is a bringing forth – poesis
        • physis -arising out of itself is a bringing forth
        • related to aletheia (truth/reality) – unhiddenness, revealing
        • “Technology is a mode of revealing. Technology comes to presence in the realm where revealing and unconcealment take place, where aletheia, truth, happens.”
      • “The revealing that rules throughout modern technology has the character of a setting upon, in the sense of a challenging forth. Such challenging happens in that energy concealed in nature is unlocked, what is unlocked is transformed, what is transformed is stored up, what is stored up is in turn distributed, and what is distributed is switched about ever anew”
      • Standing Reserve

Aldo Leopold – A Sand County Almanac (1949)

  • “The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land”
  • “A land ethic of course cannot prevent the alteration, management, and use of these ‘resources,’ but it does affirm their right to continued existence, and, at least in spots, their continued existence in a natural state.”
  • The Ethical Sequence
    • this extension of ethics, so far studied only by philosophers, is actually a process in ecological evolution. Its sequence may be described in ecological as well as in philosophic terms. An ethic, ecologically, is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence. An ethic, philosophically is a differentiation of social from anti social conduct.
  • Rachel Carson “Silent Spring”
  • How often do you hear about Fukushima anymore?
  • Climate Change Deniers

Presenters: Simanti Dasgupta, Deanna Newsom, & Samara Hoyer-Winfield

Simanti Dasgupta website

Anthropologist, University of Dayton

Bangalore, India

Topic: How people make meaning out of everyday practices

  • Who are the people?
  • What are the circumstances?
  • Water privatization in Bangalore
  • Greater Bangalore Water Supply and Storage project
  • Water Project funding from World Bank…
  • Divide between how people in the middle class and people in the slums view water privatization
    • the people in the slums were left out of discussions because they did not speak English
    • why would you privatize water?
  • people (public) asked to pay or contribute (via capital) to the ownership of water; before even receiving services. public are capital payers and benefactors.
  • “We don’t want water”–why?
    • guidelines to get water pose issues for residents: taxes, water bills, residential zoning (who owns the land) – invisibility
    • The invisibility matters. They do not want to be legible to the government
    • Water is the most mediated resource.
  • Water was available to the public free (public works) but since privatization – turns water into commodity, people must become consumers of water.
  • Under privatization: People pay to “own” water, be connected to the water, and receive a water bill.
  • What does it mean for the State to withdraw?
  • Privatize to hold State accountable because it would give power of ownership to the public.
  • Slum locations could be illegal and would not be served.
  • Public fountains would no longer exist because there would be available connections but each would be metered (billed service).

 

Deanna Newsom, 

Rainforest Alliance website

Rwanda

 

Topic: Using Sustainability Standards to Improve Water Quality in Rwanda

  • Water in Africa
    • hugely variable continent
  • Rwanda
    • >1000 mm of rain per year
    • ⅓ of the people in Rwanda do not have access to clean water
    • high infant mortality due to diarrhea and other water-borne diseases
  • Ethiopia
    • 800 mm of rain per year
  • Egypt
    • 51 mm of rain per year
    • 99% of the population has access to clean water (cf. Rwanda)
  • Physical scarcity is a huge issue, as is economic scarcity
    • Economic scarcity: when you don’t have the time or resources to get water
  • No infrastructure to store water from rainy season in reservoirs, hence the economic scarcity
  • 40% of the population in Africa is affected by water scarcity
  • Gender aspects of water–women on average travel 6 km a day to fetch water for their household (~40 lbs of water)
  • Agriculture and irrigation for small-scale agriculture
    • 80% of the water supply is dedicated to irrigating crops
    • 80-90% of farmers practice subsistence agriculture
  • Water deals–governments are leasing rights to water to multinational corporations at the expense of downstream poor farmers who would be using that water

 

 

 

 

source

 

 

 

 

 

The Rainforest Alliance

  • Mission: The Rainforest Alliance works to conserve biodiversity and ensure sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use practices, business practices, and consumer behavior.
  • Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) Standard
    • Erosion prevention measures
    • Worst agrochemicals banned; others allowed in certain circumstances
    • Streamside buffer zones required
    • Water channels must not be altered
    • Wastewater must be treated and periodically tested
  • Streamside Buffers required to:
  • Precaution taken to control erosion
  • Grazing by domesticated animals controlled
  • website: http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/
  • website article about water: http://thefrogblog.org/2011/06/28/troubled-waters/

Rwanda

  • Highest population density in Africa
  • 90% working population farms
  • Developing washing stations
  • 16% drinks water directly from the stream
  • Water not physically scarce in Rwanda
  • Coffee: 1. De-pulping 2.fermentation tanks 3. dried in drying racks
  • Waste water treatment lagoons
    • acceptable levels of BOD is 50mg/L (WHO and Rwandan standards)
    • data points from Upstream, Downstream, and waste water. Downstream and waste water are above standards.
    • Buf-coffee wastewater treatment plant (lagoon) is planned to be built
    • 3 or more tanks with specific functions to boost water quality
      • sedimentation
      • splodge — sludge?
      • pH balance
    • Farmer Training!
    • Streamline Monitoring Methodology
    • x

 

Samara Hoyer-Winfield

Anthropologist/ Cross-Cultural Art

 

Topic: Water & Culture: Exploring Upstream, Downstream and Across Oceans

 

  • Cross Cultural Art Projects
    • South Africa
    • Boys and Girls received cameras to document their lives.
    • videos shared from Boston and Ghana
    • Art exchange to Ecuador
    • water kept coming up. people had to collect their water.
    • kids spend time collecting water for cooking, cleaning, etc.
    • kids spent much of their time away from school
  • Salatiga Meets the World Project – Indonesia
    • bringing student teachers and international students into schools (ie: NYU students into Bronx school(s))
    • curriculum examining Water and Water Issues
    • Indonesia & Water
      • There’s no awareness of the consumption of water
      • Bring about awareness
      • Models from other cultures were generally unaccepted
      • looked at water sources and hydropower in their communities
      • Making water connections in Salatiga, Indonesia
    • Bukit Cinta-Rawa Pening Lake
    • PLTA Hydro Power Plant
    • Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBXskjPG-GE
    • Community Partnership
      • Developed activities to work with water organizations in the community
    • Arts & Technology
      • Worked in groups to create Powerpoint presentations and posters to present to the community
    • Successes
      • Creative and interdisciplinary approach to water
      • Cross-cultural conversations
      • Connected different groups and ages of people
    • Challenges
      • Language skills varied
      • The time crunch (6 months → 3 weeks)
      • Coordination of volunteers/international speakers
  • Common Stream Stories – USA
    • Questions (some):
      • where water is from?
      • how water connects to people?
      • experience of water – too much/ too little?
      • connection to water near you and far from you?
    • Traveled from Boston, thru Midwest, to Hawaii
    • http://cowbird.com/ – collected audio recordings of human experiences
  • Creative Solutions Addressing Water (some Organizations):
    • H2O For Life
    • WaterKeeper Alliance
    • World Wide Water Monitoring Challenge
    • The 1st Billboard in the World to Make Water Out of Thin Air (interesting)
    • The Water Wheel (The Water Wheel Organization?)

Presenter Dr. Gilberto Conde-Zambada & Jessica D’Ambrosia

8/21/2014

Middle East & China

 

Skyping in From Mexico

 

Asia and Africa studies expert @ El Colegio de México

http://www.colmex.mx/

gilberto.conde@colmex.mx

 

Water, War, Peace, and Conflict

 

  • Studied Middle East because of his interest in water issues globally (not just in Tijuana)
  • Water issues between Turkey, Syria, and Iraq (areas along Tigris and Euphrates—Fertile Crescent)
  • Dams built on the Tigris and Euphrates
  • Theory of Hydro-hegemony (MW definition of hegemony: “leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.” hydro-hegemony = this but with water)
  • What are water wars?
    • drought and population growth
    • water needs may lead to war
    • competition for resources
  • Water peace thesis
    • drought and population growth
    • need for reasonable management of water resources
    • implies need for cooperation
  • Water wars have not happened
    • partially due to virtual water
    • population cost
  • Turkey more powerful than Syria or Iraq in both military and political terms–Turkey is part of NATO. It has used this power to impose a certain relationship with its neighboring countries–favoring Turkey over the other countries
  • in 1960’s Turkey and Syria wanted to build dams
    • nations agreed to work together to make a plan for the construction
    • Arguments over borders along rivers
    • Turkey and Syria built dams without any compromise
    • Flow of water to Iraq impeded b/c of over-damming (due to lack of compromise)
    • Saddam Hussein complained about Syria’s dam, but not Turkey’s
  • in the 80’s and 90’s there was rebellion against the Turkish government
    • Kurdish rebels were allowed to escape into Turkey, Turkey offered water in exchange for Syria to stop aiding Kurdish rebels—“you get more water along the Euphrates if you stop aiding the Kurds”
  • Water is part of a political game. Water is Power!
  • Water for power inside Turkey
    • an example of hydro-hegemony
    • Turkey (tried to) used water to force rebellion into submission.
    • Kurds, rebels, forced into small towns, municipalities in the Southeast
    • The Kurds acquired rights: elect officials, built parties
    • Turkey gov’t said they built dams to distribute to the people.
    • Kurds state that they haven’t received water supplies, or receive very little; mostly for supporters of Turkey gov’t.
    • Possible that Turkey gov’t purposely withheld water to control Kurd rebellion.

 

Follow-up Questions:

  • Why isn’t the UN involved?
    • there was no international water law until 1997
    • turkish government said that they were not going to apply it in Turkey
    • later saw that the law can provide water for countries that do not have it
    • 2000-2002: Turkey and Syria became closer – came to an agreement on water
  • What sort of similarities have you seen from where you’re from and the Middle East?
    • 1906: original hydro-hegemony agreement between USA and Mexico
    • 1944: More favorable hydro-hegemony agreement for Mexico
      • States that Mexico should give water to USA along the Grande Bravo River System in the east, USA gives water along the Colorado basin in the west to Mexico
      • Water pumped from Colorado into Tijuana
    • What can you tell us about the recent threat by Isis forces who took control of an Iraqi dam?
      • Kurdish forces retook the dam with assistance by US forces
      • Many explosives had been set
    • What is virtual water, and can you elaborate on the commodification of water?
      • Virtual water is is a concept used to explain why water wars have not happened
      • Involves the import of water through grown products
      • Various Middle East areas think water banks should be set up
      • Turkish government wants to sell its water to its population, fought against by Kurds who think that water is a basic right and should be free despite the cost of water infrastructure
    • Name a few scholars:
      • Poni Allan?
      • Marc Zune?
      • Jordan Warren?

 

Jessica D’Ambrosio

Presenting on Water Resources and China: Field-Based Learning

Lake Poyang

  • Climate and Water Resources in China
    • Unbalanced distribution of water
      • 70% precipitation in 4 months
      • dry in north (<500m³), wet in south (25,000m³)
      • less than half of irrigation water reaches destination
    • Plenty of water but in all the wrong places
      • 5th largest supply of water
      • Low per capita water availability: 25% of world’s average (2,000m³ per person)
    • Water distribution unmatched to economic distribution
      • Northern China (“Dry Eleven” provinces): 47% of population, 65% of agricultural lands, most electric/coal production, 45% total GDP
      • Only has 19% of total water supply in China
    • Major producer of every agricultural product
  • 22% of the worlds population supported by 6% of the world’s renewable resources and 9% of world’s cultivated lands
  • Economic growth at about 10% per year for almost 30 years (higher than most developed countries).
    • Economic growth in America:

 

2009 -2.8%
2010 2.5%
2011 1.8%
2012 2.8%

 

  • Water quantity problems
  • Water quality problems
  • Acute water demand
    • climate change forecasts: dryer north and wetter south
    • irrigation inefficiency impacting food supply
  • Website: http://chinawaterrisk.org/

Solutions to Water Quantity:

  • The OLD way:
    • Relied on groundwater since 1970s
      • Over-pumping has reduced levels by 1 meter annually and caused saltwater contamination of aquifers
    • The NEW WAY:
      • The most intense and strictest water resources management policy in the world… since about 2008.
        • control water use
        • control discharge of water
        • control water use efficiency
      • Part of this policy (2008-2010) involved the gov’t saying “all the water in China belongs to the government”
    • Basic Policies for Water Quantity
    • Water distribution
    • North south water transfer project
      • $62 billion USD
      • Massive displacement of residents
    • Additional Water works projects
      • Water treatment plants
      • Water storage (three gorges dam 1.5 miles wide, 1 mile tall)
      • Displaced 120,000,000 people
    • Water use efficiency
      • “Three red lines” policy limits on water quantity usage, efficiency, and quality (2010)
        • limit total national water consumption to less than 700 billion m³/per year
        • increase irrigation use efficiency to 60% by 2030.
      • 8 trillion RMB (renminbi/Chinese yuan) in 2011-2015 for irrigation infrastructure improvements, rural clean water delivery, and reservoir enhancements
    • Jiangxi province
    • Water Quality
      • Agricultural run-off is the dominant pollution source in rural areas
      • human/industrial waste are left largely untreated in urban areas
      • Less than 50% of China’s water can be treated so it is safe for drinking.
    • What we see happening in China with water quality/ quantity is happening here in the U.S.
    • Website: http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/
    • map of China’s water
    • Infographic map of pollution levels in China’s major river basins
    • In Jiangxi province less than 40% of their water can be consumed
    • Jiangxi irrigation experiment station
    • Lifang Village
    • The issues
      • drainage and irrigation
      • erosion and flooding
      • drams and water control
      • point and nonpoint source pollution
      • farmer relations
      • national water law
    • The Approach
      • stop point sources
        • sewage, fertilizer
      • 2 erosion & flooding
      • Check dams & water control
  • Questions:
  • How well do you think they will take the advice?
    • they want to apply throughout china
    • there was a language barrier, hard to know what they wanted though
    • another team is going there to see if they took the sugestions